Kidney stones (ureterolithiasis) result from stones or renal calculi in the ureter. The stones are solid concretions or calculi (crystal aggregations) formed in the kidneys from dissolved urinary minerals.

The sharp rise in chronic urinary tract infections (UTIs) has been caused by the overprescribing of antibiotics. Hospital admissions for UTIs have increased dramatically worldwide and the costs in treatment have blown out and are unsustainable.